Shailesh kavathiya

Parliamentary Information Office Updated - Cable Welcomes Big Rise in Apprenticeship Numbers

2012-02-14T22:08:00.001-08:00

The Parliamentary Information Office of the Parliamentary Yearbook is currently gathering news items for major features on apprenticeships in the next edition.

February 11, 2012 - The Parliamentary Information Office of the Parliamentary Yearbook is currentlygathering news items for major features on apprenticeships in the next edition.

In February 2011, coinciding with ApprenticeshipWeek, the coalition government provided the following statistics regarding thetake-up of the apprentices programme:

• Jaguar Landrover were creating 1,500 newapprenticeship places
• BT were offering 250 apprenticeship placesacross the group
• Morrison’s supermarket chain were set to offer7,000 places
• Proctor and Gamble were recruiting 10 apprenticeaccountants
• 180 people had gained skills at higher educationlevel by taking higher apprenticeships.

The number of people taking higher apprenticeshipstestifies to the programmes ability to progress apprentices from Intermediateand Advanced Levels to a level comparable with a university degree,

with graduation ceremonies for apprentices andtheir families together with an apprentice roll of honour. The HigherApprenticeships Fund, announced in July 2011 with an allocation of £25mn tosupport

advanced and higher apprenticeships in key sectorssuch as advanced manufacturing, IT and engineering, is designed to assist thisprogression. The fund is part of an apprentices’ investment package

totalling £180mn, for which, from 22 July 2011,companies have been invited to bid. In the current financial year, thegovernment has committed itself to funding approximately 360,000apprenticeships.

To encourage employers to take on larger numbersof apprentices, red tape and bureaucracy have been cut and the overall processsimplified. Companies that contract directly with the government

regarding their apprenticeship trainingrequirements have simplified payment, reporting and assessment procedurestogether with improved guidance.

On 24 October 2011, provisional figures boded wellfor the apprenticeships programme: apprenticeship starts for the academic year2010–11 had risen by more than 50 per cent compared with final figures

from 2009–10; and apprenticeship numbers had risenacross all age ranges and levels of training.

Statistics indicate final data for 2009–10 of279,700 apprenticeship starts compared to 442,700 starts in the full academicyear 2010–11.

The largest sectors were:

• Business, administration and law: 130,290apprenticeship starts (76,590 in 2009–10)
• Retail and commercial enterprise:100,630apprenticeship starts (61,620 in 2009–10)
• Health, public services and care: 86,120apprenticeship starts (44,150 in 2009–10).

In October 2011, £20mn was invested to boostskills and drive growth in key industries. The government match funded £11mnfollowing the first round of bids to the Growth and Innovation Fund (GIF),

with more apprenticeships playing a key role inthe government’s vision of business identifying how skills can drive growth.Sectors which benefited immediately from GIF funding, and which also stand

to benefit from co-investment from employergroups, were: renewable energy; hospitality; science-based industries; energyand utility bills; creative industries; active leisure; environmentalindustries;

employment services; nuclear; health; and creativeand cultural skills.

Business Secretary Vince Cable said, “Sustainedeconomic recovery will depend on our ability to excel in the high-tech skillsthat our most innovative companies need to compete in the globalised

economy.

“That is why this government is committed toskilling up our workforce through work-based training. By providingconcentrated seed funding for employer-led projects that attract furtherinvestment

from business, we’re targeting money where it willbe best placed to drive growth.”

This was submitted by the ParliamentaryInformation Office. For more information on the Parliamentary InformationOffice please visit http://parliamentaryyearbook.co.uk/contactus.html

Source : http://www.i-newswire.com/cable-welcomes-big-rise-in-apprenticeship/156870
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2011-05-25T08:41:00.000-07:00

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Good morning sms

2010-05-02T05:25:00.001-07:00

Good morning SMS

Sun rises in the east, Sun Set in the West, In the meanwhile love arises from our two Hearts .Good Day, Good morning.

Karya Kerte Ye Soch Rakhe Main Nahi Ker Raha Hu Mere Dwara Bhagwaan Kara Raha Hai To Mehanat Kam Safalta Jyada Milegi Aahankar Nahi Aayega.

16Apr:Bhagwaan Ko Keval Mandir Masjid Me Yaad Na Kare Balki Her Jagah Dost Banaker Saath Rakhe To Jivan Ek Khel Manoranjan Anubhav Hoga.

Good morning SMS

Holi SMS

2010-02-16T09:00:00.001-08:00




Aapne dil ka haal batana chod ...
Aapne dil ka haal batana chod diya, humne bhi gehrai mein jaana chod diya. HOLI se pehle hi aapne nahana chod diya? RAMDE DANGAR-MORBI
Holi SMS
Total character : 138


Rang udaye Pichkari rang se ra...
Rang udaye Pichkari rang se rang jaye duniya sari holi ke rang aapke jeevan ko rang de ye shubha kaana hai hamari. HAPPY HOLI RAMDE DANGAR-MORBI
Holi SMS
Total character : 152


Khaa key gujiya, pee key bhaan...
Khaa key gujiya, pee key bhaang, laaga k thora thora sa rang, baaja ke dholak aur mridang, khele holi hum tere sang. HOLI MUBARAK RAMDE DANGAR-MORBI
Holi SMS
Total character : 152


ganw chutpura , post - bhosdag...
ganw chutpura , post - bhosdagarh , via - chut , under lund mazil ,zhantpura dist - land ka fukka
Holi SMS
Total character : 98


Best wishes to you for a Holi ...
Best wishes to you for a Holi filled with sweet moments and memories to cherish for long. Happy Holi! PraveenVishwa@gmail.com
Holi and Dhuleti SMS
Total character : 127


Heart sapno se HOUSEFULL hai=C...
Heart sapno se HOUSEFULL hai=COMPLETE honge ye DOUBTFULL hai=iss WORLD may her cheez WONDERFULL hai=per meri LIFE aap jaiso se COLOURFULL hai-------HAPPY HOLI
Holi and Dhuleti SMS
Total character : 159


rang poli rongo ki bauchar sur...
rang poli rongo ki bauchar suraj ki kirne khushiyon ki bahar chand ki chandni aur apno ka pyaar aapko mubarak ho holi ka tyohar HAPPY HOLI.
Holi and Dhuleti SMS
Total character : 139

Pongal SMS

2010-02-16T08:45:00.001-08:00

bhulso 2 yad apisu rdso 2 hsav...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 140

Bhulso 2 yad apisu rdso 2 hsavisu ruthoge 2 manavisu hme"TERE NAM NA RADHE MOHAN 6U "GHAJNI" na sanjay singhania nhi k 15 mins ma bhuli jasu

Pongal SMS

a year has departeda new has...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 208

A year has departeda new has startedv have awaitedfor a festival elatedmistakes are correctedgood deeds are committedthe crops are harvestedfor a life being supportedWISHING U A HAPPY PONGAL..

Pongal SMS

(_),,=.____ \,/ :....

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 211

(_),,=.____ \,/ :. : :.... (_),,=.____ \,/ :. : :.... (_),,=.____ \,/ :. : :.)\, _,_,_!,!,!"!,!,! Po lakshmi ! po.elarukum advance happy pongal solietu va.Pongal SMS

en ineya tamil mackalea indh...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 103

En ineya tamil mackalea indha babu win pongal nalvalthukal ! -----saidai babu sir

~~~~~~~~*~~~**~ ha...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 104

*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~**~ Happy Pongal ~**~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~**~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

Pongal SMS

clean the mind of its old dirt...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 270

Clean the mind of its old dirty habits. Burn them up, with a wise and firm resolve to tread the path of truth, love and purity from this Pongal onwards. This is the spiritual significance of Pongal in the life of the spiritual aspirant. Happy Bhogi PongalKarthikeyan

Pongal SMS

udal kalaipu udaluku mattum ma...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 228

Udal Kalaipu Udaluku Mattum Manadhirku Endrum Thevai Inippu Ahdai Inaippadu Thaan Pongalin Sirappu Iniya Pongal Nalvazhthukal :-) *~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~* *~ Happy Pongal ~* *~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~* *~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*

pongal wishing that this festi...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 193

pongal Wishing that this festival brings good luck and prosperity and hoping that it is joyous, and fills your days ahead with happiness. Have a wonderful Pongal."kishore tenali 9393013629

Pongal SMS 2010

wishing that this festival is ...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 200

Wishing that this festival is one, which brings good luck and prosperity and hoping that it is joyous, and fills your days ahead with happiness. Have a wonderful Pongal."kishore tenali 9393013629

Pongal SMS Messages

(_),,=.____ \,/ :. : :.)\, _,_...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 94

(_),,=.____ \,/ :. : :.)\, _,_,_!,!,!"!,!,! Po lakshmi ! po.elarukum happy pongal solietu va.

Pongal SMS

(_),,=.____ \,/ :. : :....

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 151

(_),,=.____ \,/ :. : :....(_),,=.____ \,/ :. : :.)\, _,_,_!,!,!"!,!,! Po lakshmi ! po.elarukum advance happy pongal solietu va.

Pongal SMS

(_),,=.____\,/ :. : :.)\,_...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 97

(_),,=.____\,/ :. : :.)\,_,_,_!,!,!"!,!,!Po lakshmi ! po.elarukum happy pongal solietu va.

Pongal SMS

may this pongal bring in new h...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 100

May this Pongal bring in new hope and good harvest for you!Happy Pongal to You!-g srinivas rao vizag

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valentine's day sms

2010-02-08T10:21:00.000-08:00

Valentine's day sms

love, and a cough, cannot be h...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 67

Love, and a cough, cannot be hid. HAPPY VELENTINE DAY TO ALL LOVERS

Valentine's day sms

only god nows how much i love ...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 187

only God nows how much I love You, God sees my heart that I care about you, God knows that am thinking of you, am lounging for u. how I wish that you knew what God knows. happy Valentine

rose is red,sky is blue,yo...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 94

Rose is red,sky is blue,You love me and,I love u.Happy and sweet valentine day.(soomi)

Valentine's day sms

on each silent nighti meet y...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 335

on each silent nightI meet you in my lovely dreamsI hold you in my longing armsand as the morning unfoldsits soft and dreamy petalsI wake up to the longingI find you there somewherethrough the valleys of dewthrough the deeps of loveif all these countlessthoughts mean loveI love you!from Ershad to his love saba

in school, they taught me that...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 127

In School, They Taught Me That1 hour = 60 Mints1 Min = 60 SecsBut They Never Told Me That1 Sec Without You = 100 Years:

puari si sweet nindiya k baad...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 152

Puari si sweet nindiya k baadraat k kuch sapno k baad,subah ki kuch nayi umeedo k sathDunya me kuch apno k sath ,app ko pyari si good morning,

i love u i just know i love u ...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 54

i love u i just know i love u my sweetheart i love u

kgm gli checocoamn okn glidbe'...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 156

Kgm gli checocoamn okn glidbe't .filil..b glim. Ah.fil jr l.a.il guil.day glimilia. .Hygn..................in short will u be my talentineFrom: BUNTYNMD

everybody can love a rose bt i...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 167

Everybody can love a rose bt it takes a great deal 2 love a leaf,so dont love somone who is beautiful, bt lov the 1 who can make ur life beautifulhappy talentine day

love comes from the heart and ...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 78

LOVE COMES FROM THE HEART AND NOT FROM THE MOUTH,MY LOVE FOR YOU HAS NO BOUND.

love is most beautiful feel t...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 80

love is most beautiful feel to feel , u made me 2 feel in my each breath,luv u

i love the way you make me hap...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 158

I love the way you make me happy, and the ways you show your care. I love the way you say, 'I Love You,' and the way you're always there. With Love Pankaj

Valentine's day sms

we cannot be together, but w...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 140

We cannot be together, But we'll never be apart, For no matter what life brings us, Youre always in my heart...With Love Pankaj

khushi se dil ko aabad karna...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 164

khushi se dil ko aabad karnaaur gum ko dil se aazad karna.humaribus itni gujarish hai ke hma bhidin me ek bar yaad karna.I LOVE YOU NIBHAFROM : A K SINGH

if you have loved someone secr...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 264

If You Have Loved Someone Secretly,Then Valentine's Day Is The Perfect Occasion to Bare Your Heart And Let That Special SomeoneKnow How Special They Really Are.While There Are Millions of Time-tested Ways To Proclaim Your Love To Your Beloved,Using Qu

aankhe thak gayi meri uske int...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 151

Aankhe thak gayi meri uske intazar me,Waqt ne loota hume bhare bazar me,Kyon nahi aayi wo milne humse,Hum me kami thi ya humare pyar me.....Nitin

Valentine's day sms

kayamat tak karenge pyaar,ye i...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 111

kayamat tak karenge pyaar,ye ikraaar karte hai,Kyuki apse hum pyaar,Beshumar karte hai.....from: tripti

15.friendship is like a glass ...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 145

15.Friendship is like a glass handle it with care because once broen cannot be mended and even if mended....a crack is always there !!!

www.krazy4mobile.com/smspani...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 205

www.krazy4mobile.com/smsPani ka ek katra aankh se gira abhi abhi..kya tum ne mujko yaad kiya abhi abhi.. Tujh se mile zamana hua magar... Yun laga koi mujse mil k gaya abhi abhi.. zeeshan love

ye haqiqat hai kahi khwab to n...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 165

Ye haqiqat hai kahi khwab to nahi, hame koi yaad kare aisi koi baat to nahi, fir bhi na jaane q ehsas hua, jaise kisi ne yaad kiya, kahi wo aap to nahi. Hi, Priya...

i loved you then i luv nw,i wi...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 72

i loved you then i luv nw,i will love youforever.happy valentine sweety'

Happy Republic Day - jay hind jay bharat

2010-01-18T09:35:00.001-08:00

let us all put our hands toget...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 86
let us all put our hands together for our pride!for our country.happy Republic day

Republic day SMS
http://www.kathiyavad.com/index.asp?catname=Independence%20Day&id=104

sabi ko meri taraf se swatantr...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 109
sabi ko meri taraf se swatantradivas ki hardik hardik shubkamnaye vinod kushwah shajapur jay hind jay bharat
Republic day SMS

ll""""""""""!ll""""(*)"""!...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 235
ll""""""""""!ll""""(*)"""!ll"""""""""""llllWe selute our great freedom fighters "JAI HIND", "VANDEMATHARAM""HAPPY 63rd INDEPENDANCE DAY" TO ONE AND ALL INDIANS.UR'S SRINIVAS, PCs.RAGHU, SURENDER AND HC. BALAIAH LAW&ORDER.

*~* happy Republic day - m...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 224
*~* happy Republic day - mother INDIA ... we are your children - thanku for taking care of us ...we shall continue serving u till our last!and u plz take care of us!!''JAI HINDH'' ... u mother ... india ...
Republic day SMS

Ma Tujeh Salam ...........!!!!...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 80
Ma Tujeh Salam ...........!!!!Wish you a very Happy Republic Day..........

b4 1947 aug 15, World nvr know...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 162
b4 1947 aug 15, World nvr know the meaning of freedom,its indians who thought the world the true meaning of freedom, be proud to be indian, happy Republic day

Jai hind jai jawanKahe har i...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 101
Jai hind jai jawanKahe har insanMera BHARAT mahanHo dunia mein shanHappy Republic Day

!>>...!>>>...!>>>>.....SOME ...
Republic day SMS

Republic Day Speech

2010-01-17T00:59:00.001-08:00

Republic Day Speech

epublic Day is the name of a public holiday in several countries to commemorate the day when they first became republics. Some of these are former Commonwealth realms, in which the British monarch was head of state until the change of status.
Although India obtained its independence on August 15, 1947, the Constitution of India came into effect only on January 26, 1950. During the transition period from 1947 to 1950, King George VI was the head of state. Lord Mountbatten and C. Rajagopalachari served as the Governors-General of India during

this period. Following January 26, 1950, Rajendra Prasad was elected as the first president of India.

Republic Day Speech

Republic Day SMS

2010-01-17T00:17:00.001-08:00

Republic Day SMS

i am to grate full to my paren...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 76

i am to grate full to my parent they made me their " happy republic day"

Republic Day SMS

Watan hamara misaal mohabat ki...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 188

Watan hamara misaal mohabat ki,
Todta hai deewaar nafrat ki,
Meri Khush naseebi,
mili zindagi is chaman mein
Bhula na sake koi iski khushbo saton janam mein.
happy republic day !

india is best but indians are ...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 82

india is best but indians are not.so make urself more than best to make india best

wish u very very happy indepe...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 125

wish u very very happy republic day ......... happy prosperous year 4 our country.............be ready 4 tht.......

Aao Desh ka saman kareshahid...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 152

Aao Desh ka saman kare
shahido ki shahidat kare
Ek baar fir rastra ki kaman
hum hindustani apne haaton mein dhare
Aao swantrata diwas ka samaan kare

Kyu Marte ho Bewafa sanam k li...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 172

Kyu Marte ho Bewafa sanam k liye
Do gaz jameen bhi nahi milegi dafan k liye
Marna hai to maro Watan k liye
Karodo ladkiyan bichadegi apna dupata kafan k liye..
Jai Hind

Republic Day SMS

If every indian would frist cl...

Posted by : Anonymous Total character : 228

If every indian would frist clean the place in front their own doors one day our india would be clean........ bhavin an fyjc student ....my contact no is +919022983987............ n i want to say that i love vaishu very much

Republic Day SMS

Pongal SMS

2010-01-11T22:02:00.001-08:00

Pongal SMS

l''l________
--/ l__l Delivery
| | ________
L(o)__l___(o)__|
This van is loaded with
LOVE n CARE,
Wishing U and your family
A HAPPY pongal

Pongal SMS

l''l________
--/ l__l Delivery
| | ________
L(o)__l___(o)__|
This van is loaded with
LOVE n CARE,
Wishing U and your family
A HAPPY pongal

Have this 2007 1st festival bring happiness in your life.
Wish you & your family a very Happy Pongal.

Pongal SMS

Hindi SMS

2010-01-08T06:44:00.001-08:00

Hindi SMS

Mere samne tu nahi hai to kya hua,
Mere dil mein tu basi hai,
Tu mujhe mili nahi to kya hua,
Meri dadhkan mein bas tu hi basi hai.
Badi mudatt se chaha hai tujhe

Badi duayoan se paya hai tumhe,
Tujhe bhulne ki soche bhi tokaise,
Kismat ki lakiron sechuraya hai tumhe.
Yeh bheegi palkein le ke kahan jayenge

Tum roz khafa hona hum roz manayenge,
Par maan jana manane se,
Warna yeh bheegi palkein le ke kahan jayenge?

Hindi SMS

Dar hai mujhe kahi kho na jaun main ke mujhe apni bahoon me aane de,
Mila de meri jaan ko mujse jo raste mujhe un rahoon mein aane de,
Bardash nahi hota ae sanam mujhse yeh doori ka ghum,
Chand lamho ke khushi ke liye hi sahi par mujhe apni bahon mein aane de.
Ullu ka pattha manane bhi nahin aaya

Itne dino se jalane nahin aaya
Galti hui aag ko bujhaney nahin aaya
Kehta tha saath jeeyenge saath marenge
Ab rooth gai hoon to ullu ka pattha manane bhi nahin aaya
aankho ki bat
Hindi SMS

pyar karne wale aankho ki bat samajh lete hain
khawabo me mil jaye to mulakat samajh lete hain
rota to aasma bhi hai pyar ke liye
par afsos log use barsat samajh lete hain

Hindi SMS

Happy Birthday Wishes

2010-01-05T22:00:00.001-08:00

A Very Happy Birthday…

May god bless her with the shower of success, Happiness and all her prayers and dreams come true...

Happy Birthday SMS

HAPPY NEW YEAR SMS

2009-12-30T23:11:00.001-08:00

http://www.kathiyavad.com/index.asp?id=97&catname=Happy%20New%20Year

HAPPY NEW YEAR SMS

    Before the golden sun sets,
    old calender is destroyed,
    And mobile networks get jammed,
    I wish in new year every moment is enjoyed


    For last year's words belong to last year's language
    And next year's words await another voice.
    And to make an end is to make a beginning.Happy New Year.


    God Bless U N Keep U Safe Not Only Today But Throughout Life That is coming In Ur Way. May Year To Follow Be Among The Best U ve Ever Spend.


    Beauty..
    Freshness..
    Dreams..
    Truth..
    Imagination..
    Feeling..
    Faith..
    Trust..
    This is begining of a new year!


    Like birds, let us, leave behind what we don't need to carry…
    GRUDGES SADNESS PAIN FEAR and REGRETS.
    Life is beautiful, Enjoy it. HAPPY NEW YEAR


    HAPPY NEW YEAR
    Receive my simple gift of LOVE
    Wrapped with SINCERITY
    Tied with CARE &
    Sealed with BLESSINGS
    2 Keep u HAPPY & SAFE all the life long.
    HAPPY NEW YEAR....

HAPPY NEW YEAR SMS

Happy new year sms 2010

http://www.kathiyavad.com/index.asp?id=97&catname=Happy%20New%20Year

Birthday SMS

2009-12-30T23:06:00.001-08:00

Birthday SMS

Get Birthday in many Language in your mobile Click here to join

"*_* :"".(-,-)."": "::(... ...

"*_* :"".(-,-)."": "::(... "*_* :"".(-,-)."": "::("(")::" "/ /" An angel, Praying u, so u would b safe all day. 2day, 2marrow, 4ever! Many Many Happy Returns of d Day

Praying u, so u would b safe all day. 2day, 2marrow, 4ever! Many Many Happy Returns of d Day Birthday in many Language

remember that this is your day and God says u are the only special person on this earth to day.happpppppy birth day

"*_*:"".(-,-)."":"::(...

"*_*:"".(-,-)."":"::("(")::" "/ /"An angel,Praying u,so u would b safe all day.2day,2marrow,4ever!Many Many Happy Returns of d Day

Har raah aasan ho, Har raah p... Har raah aasan ho, Har raah pe khushiya ho, Har din khubsoorat ho, Aisa hi poora jivan ho, Yahi har din meri dua ho, Aisa hi tumhara har janamdin ho!!! Birthday in many Language

Birthday SMS

My wishes are silent but true, Every where they will follow you, Luck is urs, wishes aremine, I wish ur present and future will always shine

THE HAPPIEST PEOPLE IN THE WORLD ARE NOT THOSE WHO HAVE NO PROBLEMS BUT THOSE WHO LEARN TO LIVE WITH THINGS THAT ARE LESS THAN PERFECT ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,HAPPYBIRTHDAY,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,by shyam prathap singh;9581317597

Birthday SMS

Kannada (India): Huttida Habba Subashayagalu!Kapangpangan (Philippines): Mayap a

Birthday SMS

Good night SMS

2009-12-30T02:22:00.000-08:00

http://kathiyavad.com/index.asp?id=115&catname=Good%20Night%20SMS

Good night SMS

Kanulu neevi kanneeru naadi.....

Kanulu neevi kanneeru naadi..Hrudayam needi savvadi naadi..Suvaasan needi sughandam naadi..Sneha bandhammaatram mana iddaridi..

Lookthe moon is calling you...

Lookthe moon is calling you!!Seethe stars are shining for you!!Listenthe mosquitos are singing to you!!Hearmy heart says: Good night SMS by gourav khatri

Care is 1 main ingredient tht ...

Care is 1 main ingredient tht keeps closeness alive despite distance & schedule. Since I can't always c u, let my care b with u 4ever & ever.

ek pal ke liye zindagi..ek d...

ek pal ke liye zindagi..ek dil ke liye duniya..bas hassan ke liye hai ilu so much..Good night

Apke Jivan Me Sada Roshani Rah...

Apke Jivan Me Sada Roshani Rahe Yadi Apke Jivan Me Adhera Aye toRoshani ke liye khuda muze jalayemo:- V.K. 9763929830

Sandesh Bete.....So Gaye.......

Sandesh Bete.....So Gaye......;;;;Bhul Gaye'''Chalo Utho'''Susu karo''''Shabas Chalo So Jao

Na intazaar karao hame itna ki...

Na intazaar karao hame itna kiwaqt ke fasle pe afsos ho jayekya pata kal tum laut kar aaoaur hum khamosh ho jaye.gud night

Good night SMS

Killer SMS Christmas Greetings Ah! It's Christmastide! Time for festivity, celebrations, gifts, and killer SMS Christmas greetings! Bless that great

2009-11-22T00:13:00.000-08:00

Killer SMS Christmas Greetings

Ah! It's Christmastide! Time for festivity, celebrations, gifts, and killer SMS Christmas greetings! Bless that great country Finland for starting the remarkable short message service in 1993! Bless the global mobile phone user community for their exceptional, devoted, and path-breaking gr8 textual vocabulary so that the lovesick can por da luv 2 him or her! And of course, thank Jesus of Nazareth for giving us the day on which butterflies in the stomach flutter, carols are sung with religious joy, and family reunions bring back memories to cherish for life!

Since the last several years what makes my heart drenched with happiness the most, besides the gifts and the reunions, are the unabated floods of the unique SMSs that start trickling from the 1st day of December to ultimately drown me by the 25th. Text, multimedia, and voice SMSs all together make such a beautiful symphony that it surpasses Beethoven's symphony no.9. The pleasure that I derive from reading Shakespeare's Hamlet saying, "To be or not to be," is mild compared to the pleasure that I gain from reading the SMS "2b or nt 2b". Disapprovals are considered blatant when you laugh out loud in anybody's face, which can be subtle in text as "lol". PUAs (pick up artists) are popular to use opening lines in the form of SMS greetings for their first move to judge the prospect of facing a charge of sexual harassment before they advance further. Generally, cloaked SMSs are known as killer SMSs. They are invariably double entendres with a sexual connotation or a risqué involved. The first meaning is innocent but the second meaning is not that decent and is exactly what the sender of the SMS actually means. For example, "The Lord sacrificed his life for the love of us. Let us remember this and sacrifice our lives for the loves of each other. Merry Christmas." This is a purely decent SMS when given to one's family, but the meaning drastically changes if given to someone with an intention of an affair.

Killer SMSs exhibit the most frequency during Christmas. Perhaps due to general bonhomie during this time, the human body pumps higher levels of adrenaline and creative juices mingle with the cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system, making persons highly imaginative, highly romantic, and highly social. Killer SMS Christmas greetings are double meaning messages with the sole purpose of killing at point blank range under the mask of sociability and amicability. "Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path. Thy word is Love. May your Love light my path now and forever!Happy Christmas." or "He that loveth not, knoweth not God; for God is love. Therefore, let us love. Merry X-mas." or "There is a time and a place for everything under the sun. The time is Christmas and the place is in your heart. Happy Christmas!" Such killer SMSs are known to break or make many relationships.

However, if two or more events combine then they become much more potent and may connote meanings at many different levels. They may be of many kinds, political, medical, psychological, etc. For example, "The snow is white, Santa's beard is white, and the White House is white. Rest all is colored in the colors of God. Merry Christmas." Here the second meaning is obviously political and may not go well with certain audiences, but then that is the sole purpose of sending such political double entendre killer SMS Christmas greetings. Again, they may be of the medical kind. For example, "The human brain has a left lobe and a right lobe. My left is not functioning right and there is nothing left in my right. That's why I think about you from my heart. Hearty Christmas!" An example of a psychological kind would be, "Freud's id, ego, and superego seem to be based wholly on sex. Let us meet and discuss why Freud seemed so obsessed with sex. Happy XXX-mas!" Thus, we find that killerSMS Christmas greetings say something else and mean something else. They are of all types, shades, hues and colors.

However, I personally find the most pleasurable are the ones that say and mean the same thing and kill in a positive way. For example, "Hey mom! I am coming home with Steve, Richard and Susan! Merry Christmas!- Rebecca." When mom gets this SMS from her daughter Rebecca who is coming for a family reunion along with her husband Steve and children Richard and Susan, she is so overwhelmed with happiness that she has to put her hand on her chest to steady the fast heartbeats. Such positive killer SMS Christmas greetings are perennial, favorites, and classics.

Merry Christmas.

-o-

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Rajen_Jani

Diwali SMS

2009-10-08T06:06:00.000-07:00

Diwali SMS

Diwali aai, masti chahi, rangi rangoli,
deep jalaye, Dhoom Dhadaka, chhoda phataka, jali Phuljadiyan,
Sabko Bhaye, "Happy Diwali"

Category: Deepawali SMS, Diwali SMS

Diwali Parva hai Khushio ka,
Ujalo ka, Laxmi ka.... Is Diwali Aapki Jindagi khushio se bhari ho,
Duniya ujalo se roshan ho, ghar par Maa Laxmi ka Aagman ho...
Happy Diwali

Category: Deepawali SMS, Diwali SMS

Laxmi aayegi itni ki sab jagah Naam hoga,
Din raat vyapar bade itna adhik kaam hoga,
Ghar Pariwar samaj me banoge Sartaj, Yehi Kamna hai hamari aap ke liye
Diwali ki Dhero Shubh Kamanaye...

Category: Deepawali SMS, Diwali SMS

Deep Jalte jagmagate rahe, Hum aapko Aap hame yaad aate rahe,
Jab tak zindagi hai, dua hai hamari 'Aap Chand ki tarah Zagmagate rahe...' Happy Diwali.

Category: SMS, Diwali SMS

Deepawali SMS

christmas messages

2008-12-20T22:32:00.001-08:00

christmas messages

May the joy and peace of Christmas be with you all through the Year. Wishing you a season of blessings from heaven above. Happy Christmas.

May the good times and treasures of the present become the golden memories of tomorrow.Wish you lots of love, joy and happiness. MARRY CHRISTMAS
MORE : christmas messages

Source : http://www.beanrocket.com/freesmsmessages/10337/christmas+messages.html

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Official Google Blog: Ten years and counting

2008-09-26T22:33:00.000-07:00

Official Google Blog: Ten years and counting

first laser

2008-05-15T23:29:00.000-07:00

For other uses, see Laser (disambiguation).

Experiment with a laser (U.S. Air Force)A laser is an electronic-optical device that emits coherent light radiation. The term "laser" is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.[1] A typical laser emits light in a narrow, low-divergence monochromatic (single-coloured, if the laser is operating in the visible spectrum), beam with a well-defined wavelength. In this way, laser light is in contrast to a light source such as the incandescent light bulb, which emits light over a wide area and over a wide spectrum of wavelengths.

The first working laser was demonstrated on May 16, 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories.[2] Recently, lasers have become a multi-billion dollar industry. The most widespread use of lasers is in optical storage devices such as compact disc and DVD players, in which the laser (a few millimeters in size) scans the surface of the disc. Other common applications of lasers are bar code readers, laser printers and laser pointers.

In industry, lasers are used for cutting steel and other metals and for inscribing patterns (such as the letters on computer keyboards). Lasers are also commonly used in various fields in science, especially spectroscopy, typically because of their well-defined wavelength or short pulse duration in the case of pulsed lasers. Lasers are used by the military for rangefinding, target identification and illumination for weapons delivery. Lasers used in medicine are used for internal surgery and cosmetic applications.

The word light in the acronym Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is typically used in the expansive sense, as photons of any electromagnetic energy, and it is not limited to photons in the visible spectrum. Hence there are infrared lasers, ultraviolet lasers, X-ray lasers, etc. For example, a source of atoms in a coherent state can be called an atom laser.

From left to right-gamma rays, X-rays, Ultraviolet rays, Visible spectrum, infrared, microwaves, radio wavesA laser consists of a gain medium inside a highly reflective optical cavity, as well as a means to supply energy to the gain medium. The gain medium is a material (gas, liquid, solid or free electrons) with appropriate optical properties. In its simplest form, a cavity consists of two mirrors arranged such that light bounces back and forth, each time passing through the gain medium. Typically, one of the two mirrors, the output coupler, is partially transparent. The output laser beam is emitted through this mirror.

Light of a specific wavelength that passes through the gain medium is amplified (increases in power); the surrounding mirrors ensure that most of the light makes many passes through the gain medium, stimulating the gain material continuously. Part of the light that is between the mirrors (that is, within the cavity) passes through the partially transparent mirror and escapes as a beam of light.

The process of supplying the energy required for the amplification is called pumping. The energy is typically supplied as an electrical current or as light at a different wavelength. A typical pump source is a flash lamp or perhaps another laser. Most practical lasers contain additional elements that affect properties such as the wavelength of the emitted light and the shape of the beam.

Laser physics

Principal components:
1. Active laser medium
2. Laser pumping energy
3. High reflector
4. Output coupler
5. Laser beam
A helium-neon laser demonstration at the Kastler-Brossel Laboratory at Univ. Paris 6. The glowing ray in the middle is an electric discharge producing light in much the same way as a neon light. It is the gain medium through which the laser passes, not the laser beam itself, which is visible there. The laser beam crosses the air and marks a red point on the screen to the right.
Spectrum of a helium neon laser showing the very high spectral purity intrinsic to nearly all lasers. Compare with the relatively broad spectral emittance of a light emitting diode.To understand the fundamentals of how lasers work and what makes their emissions so special requires a knowledge of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and matter (see the "introduction to quantum mechanics" article).
See also: Laser science and Laser construction
A laser is composed of an active laser medium, or gain medium, and a resonant optical cavity. The gain medium transfers external energy into the laser beam. It is a material of controlled purity, size, concentration, and shape, which amplifies the beam by the process of stimulated emission. The gain medium is energized, or pumped, by an external energy source. Examples of pump sources include electricity and light, for example from a flash lamp or from another laser. The pump energy is absorbed by the laser medium, placing some of its particles into high-energy ("excited") quantum states. Particles can interact with light both by absorbing photons or by emitting photons. Emission can be spontaneous or stimulated. In the latter case, the photon is emitted in the same direction as the light that is passing by. When the number of particles in one excited state exceeds the number of particles in some lower-energy state, population inversion is achieved and the amount of stimulated emission due to light that passes through is larger than the amount of absorption. Hence, the light is amplified. Strictly speaking, these are the essential ingredients of a laser. However, usually the term laser is used for devices where the light that is amplified is produced as spontaneous emission from the same gain medium as where the amplification takes place. Devices where light from an external source is amplified are normally called optical amplifiers.

The light generated by stimulated emission is very similar to the input signal in terms of wavelength, phase, and polarization. This gives laser light its characteristic coherence, and allows it to maintain the uniform polarization and often monochromaticity established by the optical cavity design.

The optical cavity, a type of cavity resonator, contains a coherent beam of light between reflective surfaces so that the light passes through the gain medium more than once before it is emitted from the output aperture or lost to diffraction or absorption. As light circulates through the cavity, passing through the gain medium, if the gain (amplification) in the medium is stronger than the resonator losses, the power of the circulating light can rise exponentially. But each stimulated emission event returns a particle from its excited state to the ground state, reducing the capacity of the gain medium for further amplification. When this effect becomes strong, the gain is said to be saturated. The balance of pump power against gain saturation and cavity losses produces an equilibrium value of the laser power inside the cavity; this equilibrium determines the operating point of the laser. If the chosen pump power is too small, the gain is not sufficient to overcome the resonator losses, and the laser will emit only very small light powers. The minimum pump power needed to begin laser action is called the lasing threshold. The gain medium will amplify any photons passing through it, regardless of direction; but only the photons aligned with the cavity manage to pass more than once through the medium and so have significant amplification.

The beam in the cavity and the output beam of the laser, if they occur in free space rather than waveguides (as in an optical fiber laser), are, at best, low order Gaussian beams. However this is rarely the case with powerful lasers. If the beam is not a low-order Gaussian shape, the transverse modes of the beam can be described as a superposition of Hermite-Gaussian or Laguerre-Gaussian beams (for stable-cavity lasers). Unstable laser resonators on the other hand, have been shown to produce fractal shaped beams.[3] The beam may be highly collimated, that is being parallel without diverging. However, a perfectly collimated beam cannot be created, due to diffraction. The beam remains collimated over a distance which varies with the square of the beam diameter, and eventually diverges at an angle which varies inversely with the beam diameter. Thus, a beam generated by a small laboratory laser such as a helium-neon laser spreads to about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) diameter if shone from the Earth to the Moon. By comparison, the output of a typical semiconductor laser, due to its small diameter, diverges almost as soon as it leaves the aperture, at an angle of anything up to 50°. However, such a divergent beam can be transformed into a collimated beam by means of a lens. In contrast, the light from non-laser light sources cannot be collimated by optics as well.

The output of a laser may be a continuous constant-amplitude output (known as CW or continuous wave); or pulsed, by using the techniques of Q-switching, modelocking, or gain-switching. In pulsed operation, much higher peak powers can be achieved.

Some types of lasers, such as dye lasers and vibronic solid-state lasers can produce light over a broad range of wavelengths; this property makes them suitable for generating extremely short pulses of light, on the order of a few femtoseconds (10-15 s).

Although the laser phenomenon was discovered with the help of quantum physics, it is not essentially more quantum mechanical than other light sources. The operation of a free electron laser can be explained without reference to quantum mechanics.

Because the microwave equivalent of the laser, the maser, was developed first, devices that emit microwave and radio frequencies are usually called masers. In early literature, particularly from researchers at Bell Telephone Laboratories, the laser was often called the optical maser. This usage has since become uncommon, and as of 1998 even Bell Labs uses the term laser.[4]

Continuous wave and pulsed lasers
A laser may either be built to emit a continuous beam or a train of short pulses. This makes fundamental differences in construction, usable laser media, and applications.

Continuous wave operation
In the continuous wave (CW) mode of operation, the output of a laser is relatively consistent with respect to time. The population inversion required for lasing is continually maintained by a steady pump source.

Pulsed operation
In the pulsed mode of operation, the output of a laser varies with respect to time, typically taking the form of alternating 'on' and 'off' periods. In many applications one aims to deposit as much energy as possible at a given place in as short time as possible. In laser ablation for example, a small volume of material at the surface of a work piece might evaporate if it gets the energy required to heat it up far enough in very short time. If, however, the same energy is spread over a longer time, the heat may have time to disperse into the bulk of the piece, and less material evaporates. There are a number of methods to achieve this.

Q-switching
Main article: Q-switching
In a Q-switched laser, the population inversion (usually produced in the same way as CW operation) is allowed to build up by making the cavity conditions (the 'Q') unfavorable for lasing. Then, when the pump energy stored in the laser medium is at the desired level, the 'Q' is adjusted (electro- or acousto-optically) to favorable conditions, releasing the pulse. This results in high peak powers as the average power of the laser (were it running in CW mode) is packed into a shorter time frame.

Modelocking
Main article: Modelocking
A modelocked laser emits extremely short pulses on the order of tens of picoseconds down to less than 10 femtoseconds. These pulses are typically separated by the time that a pulse takes to complete one round trip in the resonator cavity. Due to the Fourier limit (also known as energy-time uncertainty), a pulse of such short temporal length has a spectrum which contains a wide range of wavelengths. Because of this, the laser medium must have a broad enough gain profile to amplify them all. An example of a suitable material is titanium-doped, artificially grown sapphire (Ti:sapphire).

The modelocked laser is a most versatile tool for researching processes happening at extremely fast time scales also known as femtosecond physics, femtosecond chemistry and ultrafast science, for maximizing the effect of nonlinearity in optical materials (e.g. in second-harmonic generation, parametric down-conversion, optical parametric oscillators and the like), and in ablation applications. Again, because of the short timescales involved, these lasers can achieve extremely high powers.

Pulsed pumping
Another method of achieving pulsed laser operation is to pump the laser material with a source that is itself pulsed, either through electronic charging in the case of flashlamps, or another laser which is already pulsed. Pulsed pumping was historically used with dye lasers where the inverted population lifetime of a dye molecule was so short that a high energy, fast pump was needed. The way to overcome this problem was to charge up large capacitors which are then switched to discharge through flashlamps, producing a broad spectrum pump flash. Pulsed pumping is also required for lasers which disrupt the gain medium so much during the laser process that lasing has to cease for a short period. These lasers, such as the excimer laser and the copper vapour laser, can never be operated in CW mode.

History

Foundations
In 1917 Albert Einstein, in his paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Theory of Radiation), laid the foundation for the invention of the laser and its predecessor, the maser, in a ground-breaking rederivation of Max Planck's law of radiation based on the concepts of probability coefficients (later to be termed 'Einstein coefficients') for the absorption, spontaneous, and stimulated emission.

In 1928, Rudolph W. Landenburg confirmed the existence of stimulated emission and negative absorption.[5] In 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant (USSR) predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify "short" waves.[6]

In 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and made the first demonstration of stimulated emission.[7]

In 1950, Alfred Kastler (Nobel Prize for Physics 1966) proposed the method of optical pumping, which was experimentally confirmed by Brossel, Kastler and Winter two years later.[8]

Maser
In 1953, Charles H. Townes and graduate students James P. Gordon and Herbert J. Zeiger produced the first microwave amplifier, a device operating on similar principles to the laser, but amplifying microwave rather than infrared or visible radiation. Townes's maser was incapable of continuous output. Nikolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov of the Soviet Union worked independently on the quantum oscillator and solved the problem of continuous output systems by using more than two energy levels and produced the first maser. These systems could release stimulated emission without falling to the ground state, thus maintaining a population inversion. In 1955 Prokhorov and Basov suggested an optical pumping of multilevel system as a method for obtaining the population inversion, which later became one of the main methods of laser pumping.

Townes reports that he encountered opposition from a number of eminent colleagues who thought the maser was theoretically impossible -- including Niels Bohr, John von Neumann, Isidor Rabi, Polykarp Kusch, and Llewellyn H. Thomas[1].

Townes, Basov, and Prokhorov shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 "For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle".

Laser
In 1957, Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow, then at Bell Labs, began a serious study of the infrared laser. As ideas were developed, infrared frequencies were abandoned with focus on visible light instead. The concept was originally known as an "optical maser". Bell Labs filed a patent application for their proposed optical maser a year later. Schawlow and Townes sent a manuscript of their theoretical calculations to Physical Review, which published their paper that year (Volume 112, Issue 6).

The first page of Gordon Gould's laser notebook in which he coined the acronym LASER and described the essential elements for constructing one.At the same time Gordon Gould, a graduate student at Columbia University, was working on a doctoral thesis on the energy levels of excited thallium. Gould and Townes met and had conversations on the general subject of radiation emission. Afterwards Gould made notes about his ideas for a "laser" in November 1957, including suggesting using an open resonator, which became an important ingredient of future lasers.

In 1958, Prokhorov independently proposed using an open resonator, the first published appearance of this idea. Schawlow and Townes also settled on an open resonator design, apparently unaware of both the published work of Prokhorov and the unpublished work of Gould.

The term "laser" was first introduced to the public in Gould's 1959 conference paper "The LASER, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation".[9] [10] Gould intended "-aser" to be a suffix, to be used with an appropriate prefix for the spectra of light emitted by the device (x-ray laser = xaser, ultraviolet laser = uvaser, etc.). None of the other terms became popular, although "raser" was used for a short time to describe radio-frequency emitting devices.

Gould's notes included possible applications for a laser, such as spectrometry, interferometry, radar, and nuclear fusion. He continued working on his idea and filed a patent application in April 1959. The U.S. Patent Office denied his application and awarded a patent to Bell Labs in 1960. This sparked a legal battle that ran 28 years, with scientific prestige and much money at stake. Gould won his first minor patent in 1977, but it was not until 1987 that he could claim his first significant patent victory when a federal judge ordered the government to issue patents to him for the optically pumped laser and the gas discharge laser.

The first working laser was made by Theodore H. Maiman in 1960[11] at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California, beating several research teams including those of Townes at Columbia University, Arthur L. Schawlow at Bell Labs,[12] and Gould at a company called TRG (Technical Research Group). Maiman used a solid-state flashlamp-pumped synthetic ruby crystal to produce red laser light at 694 nanometres wavelength. Maiman's laser, however, was only capable of pulsed operation due to its three energy level pumping scheme.

Later in 1960 the Iranian physicist Ali Javan, working with William R. Bennett and Donald Herriot, made the first gas laser using helium and neon. Javan later received the Albert Einstein Award in 1993.

The concept of the semiconductor laser diode was proposed by Basov and Javan. The first laser diode was demonstrated by Robert N. Hall in 1962. Hall's device was made of gallium arsenide and emitted at 850 nm in the near-infrared region of the spectrum. The first semiconductor laser with visible emission was demonstrated later the same year by Nick Holonyak, Jr. As with the first gas lasers, these early semiconductor lasers could be used only in pulsed operation, and indeed only when cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K).

In 1970, Zhores Alferov in the Soviet Union and Izuo Hayashi and Morton Panish of Bell Telephone Laboratories independently developed laser diodes continuously operating at room temperature, using the heterojunction structure.

Recent innovations

Graph showing the history of maximum laser pulse intensity throughout the past 40 years.Since the early period of laser history, laser research has produced a variety of improved and specialized laser types, optimized for different performance goals, including:

new wavelength bands
maximum average output power
maximum peak output power
minimum output pulse duration
maximum power efficiency
maximum charging
maximum firing
and this research continues to this day.

Lasing without maintaining the medium excited into a population inversion, was discovered in 1992 in sodium gas and again in 1995 in rubidium gas by various international teams. This was accomplished by using an external maser to induce "optical transparency" in the medium by introducing and destructively interfering the ground electron transitions between two paths, so that the likelihood for the ground electrons to absorb any energy has been cancelled.

In 1985 at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics a breakthrough in creating ultrashort-pulse, very high-intensity (terawatts) laser pulses became available using a technique called chirped pulse amplification, or CPA, discovered by Gérard Mourou. These high intensity pulses can produce filament propagation in the atmosphere.

Types and operating principles
For a more complete list of laser types see this list of laser types.

Spectral output of several types of lasers.
Gas lasers
Gas lasers using many gases have been built and used for many purposes. They are one of the oldest types of laser.

The helium-neon laser (HeNe) emits at a variety of wavelengths and units operating at 633 nm are very common in education because of its low cost.

Carbon dioxide lasers can emit hundreds of kilowatts[13] at 9.6 µm and 10.6 µm, and are often used in industry for cutting and welding. The efficiency of a CO2 laser is over 10%.

Argon-ion lasers emit light in the range 351-528.7 nm. Depending on the optics and the laser tube a different number of lines is usable but the most commonly used lines are 458 nm, 488 nm and 514.5 nm.

A nitrogen transverse electrical discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure (TEA) laser is an inexpensive gas laser producing UV Light at 337.1 nm.[14]

Metal ion lasers are gas lasers that generate deep ultraviolet wavelengths. Helium-silver (HeAg) 224 nm and neon-copper (NeCu) 248 nm are two examples. These lasers have particularly narrow oscillation linewidths of less than 3 GHz (0.5 picometers),[15] making them candidates for use in fluorescence suppressed Raman spectroscopy.

Chemical lasers
Chemical lasers are powered by a chemical reaction, and can achieve high powers in continuous operation. For example, in the Hydrogen fluoride laser (2700-2900 nm) and the Deuterium fluoride laser (3800 nm) the reaction is the combination of hydrogen or deuterium gas with combustion products of ethylene in nitrogen trifluoride. They were invented by George C. Pimentel.

Excimer lasers
Excimer lasers are powered by a chemical reaction involving an excited dimer, or excimer, which is a short-lived dimeric or heterodimeric molecule formed from two species (atoms), at least one of which is in an excited electronic state. They typically produce ultraviolet light, and are used in semiconductor photolithography and in LASIK eye surgery. Commonly used excimer molecules include F2 (fluorine, emitting at 157 nm), and noble gas compounds (ArF [193 nm], KrCl [222 nm], KrF [248 nm], XeCl [308 nm], and XeF [351 nm]).[16]

Solid-state lasers

A 50 W FASOR, based on a Nd:YAG laser, used at the Starfire Optical RangeSolid state laser materials are commonly made by doping a crystalline solid host with ions that provide the required energy states. For example, the first working laser was a ruby laser, made from ruby (chromium-doped corundum). Formally, the class of solid-state lasers includes also fiber laser, as the active medium (fiber) is in the solid state. Practically, in the scientific literature, solid-state laser usually means a laser with bulk active medium; while wave-guide lasers are caller fiber lasers.

Neodymium is a common dopant in various solid state laser crystals, including yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO4), yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd:YLF) and yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG). All these lasers can produce high powers in the infrared spectrum at 1064 nm. They are used for cutting, welding and marking of metals and other materials, and also in spectroscopy and for pumping dye lasers. These lasers are also commonly frequency doubled, tripled or quadrupled to produce 532 nm (green, visible), 355 nm (UV) and 266 nm (UV) light when those wavelengths are needed.

Ytterbium, holmium, thulium, and erbium are other common dopants in solid state lasers. Ytterbium is used in crystals such as Yb:YAG, Yb:KGW, Yb:KYW, Yb:SYS, Yb:BOYS, Yb:CaF2, typically operating around 1020-1050 nm. They are potentially very efficient and high powered due to a small quantum defect. Extremely high powers in ultrashort pulses can be achieved with Yb:YAG. Holmium-doped YAG crystals emit at 2097 nm and form an efficient laser operating at infrared wavelengths strongly absorbed by water-bearing tissues. The Ho-YAG is usually operated in a pulsed mode, and passed through optical fiber surgical devices to resurface joints, remove rot from teeth, vaporize cancers, and pulverize kidney and gall stones.

Titanium-doped sapphire (Ti:sapphire) produces a highly tunable infrared laser, commonly used for spectroscopy as well as the most common ultrashort pulse laser.

Thermal limitations in solid-state lasers arise from unconverted pump power that manifests itself as heat and phonon energy. This heat, when coupled with a high thermo-optic coefficient (dn/dT) can give rise to thermal lensing as well as reduced quantum efficiency. These types of issues can be overcome by another novel diode-pumped solid state laser, the diode-pumped thin disk laser. The thermal limitations in this laser type are mitigated by utilizing a laser medium geometry in which the thickness is much smaller than the diameter of the pump beam. This allows for a more even thermal gradient in the material. Thin disk lasers have been shown to produce up to kilowatt levels of power.[17]

Fiber-hosted lasers
Solid-state lasers where the light is guided due to the total internal reflection in a wavequide are called fiber lasers because of huge ratio of the length to the transversal size; this ratio may vary from 106 to 109; visually, the active element of such a laser looks as a fiber. Guiding of light allows extremely long gain regions providing good cooling conditions; fibers have high surface area to volume ratio allows efficient cooling. In addition, the fiber's waveguiding properties tend to reduce thermal distortion of the beam.

double-clad fibers. Quite often, the fiber laser is designed as a double-clad fiber. This type of fiber consists of a fiber core, an inner cladding and an outer cladding. The index of the three concentric layers is chosen so that the fiber core acts as a single-mode fiber for the laser emission while the outer cladding acts as a highly multimode core for the pump laser. This lets the pump propagate a large amount of power into and through the active inner core region, while still having a high numerical aperture (NA) to have easy launching conditions.

Fiber disk lasers. The efficient use of pump in fiber laser can be achieved at the transversal delivery of pump; however, several lasers should be formed into a stack. Such stack may have shape of a disk, which is an alternative to the double-clad fiber.

Maximal length of a fiber laser. Fiber lasers have a fundamental limit in that the intensity of the light in the fiber cannot be so high that optical nonlinearities induced by the local electric field strength can become dominant and prevent laser operation and/or lead to the material destruction of the fiber. This effect is called photodarkening. In bulk laser materials, the cooling is not so efficient, and it is difficult to separate the effects of photodarkening from the thermal effects, but the experiments in fibers the photodarkening can be attributed to the forming of long-living color centers.

Semiconductor lasers
Commercial laser diodes emit at wavelengths from 375 nm to 1800 nm, and wavelengths of over 3 µm have been demonstrated. Low power laser diodes are used in laser printers and CD/DVD players. More powerful laser diodes are frequently used to optically pump other lasers with high efficiency. The highest power industrial laser diodes, with power up to 10 kW (70dBm), are used in industry for cutting and welding. External-cavity semiconductor lasers have a semiconductor active medium in a larger cavity. These devices can generate high power outputs with good beam quality, wavelength-tunable narrow-linewidth radiation, or ultrashort laser pulses.

A small laser diode, most likely from a CD player or a DVD player.Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are semiconductor lasers whose emission direction is perpendicular to the surface of the wafer. VCSEL devices typically have a more circular output beam than conventional laser diodes, and potentially could be much cheaper to manufacture. As of 2005, only 850 nm VCSELs are widely available, with 1300 nm VCSELs beginning to be commercialized,[18] and 1550 nm devices an area of research. VECSELs are external-cavity VCSELs. Quantum cascade lasers are semiconductor lasers that have an active transition between energy sub-bands of an electron in a structure containing several quantum wells.

The development of a silicon laser is important in the field of optical computing, since it means that if silicon, the chief ingredient of computer chips, were able to produce lasers, it would allow the light to be manipulated like electrons are in normal integrated circuits. Thus, photons would replace electrons in the circuits, which dramatically increases the speed of the computer. Unfortunately, silicon is a difficult lasing material to deal with, since it has certain properties which block lasing. However, recently teams have produced silicon lasers through methods such as fabricating the lasing material from silicon and other semiconductor materials, such as indium(III) phosphide or gallium(III) arsenide, materials which allow coherent light to be produced from silicon. These are called hybrid silicon laser. Another type is a Raman laser, which takes advantage of Raman scattering to produce a laser from materials such as silicon.

Dye lasers
Dye lasers use an organic dye as the gain medium. The wide gain spectrum of available dyes allows these lasers to be highly tunable, or to produce very short-duration pulses (on the order of a few femtoseconds)

Free electron lasers
Free electron lasers, or FELs, generate coherent, high power radiation, that is widely tunable, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum, to soft X-rays. They have the widest frequency range of any laser type. While FEL beams share the same optical traits as other lasers, such as coherent radiation, FEL operation is quite different. Unlike gas, liquid, or solid-state lasers, which rely on bound atomic or molecular states, FELs use a relativistic electron beam as the lasing medium, hence the term free electron.

Nuclear reaction lasers
In September 2007, the BBC News reported that there was speculation about the possibility of using positronium annihilation to drive a very powerful gamma ray laser. [19] This laser is believed to be powerful enough to jump-start a nuclear reaction, with a single gamma ray laser, rather than the hundreds of conventional lasers involved in current experiments.

Photonic crystal lasers
Photonic crystal lasers are lasers based on nano-structures that provide the mode confinement and the density of optical states (DOS) structure required for the feedback to take place[clarify]. They are typical micron-sized and tunable on the bands of the photonic crystals. [2][clarify]

Random Lasing
A random laser is a system formed by a random assembly of elastic scatters dispersed into an optical gain medium. The multiple light scattering replaces the standard optical cavity of traditional lasers and the interplay between gain and scattering determines its unique properties.

Uses

Lasers range in size from microscopic diode lasers (top) with numerous applications, to football field sized neodymium glass lasers (bottom) used for inertial confinement fusion, nuclear weapons research and other high energy density physics experimentsMain article: Laser applications
When lasers were invented in 1960, they were called "a solution looking for a problem".[20] Since then, they have become ubiquitous, finding utility in thousands of highly varied applications in every section of modern society, including consumer electronics, information technology, science, medicine, industry, law enforcement, entertainment, and the military.

The first application of lasers visible in the daily lives of the general population was the supermarket barcode scanner, introduced in 1974. The laserdisc player, introduced in 1978, was the first successful consumer product to include a laser, but the compact disc player was the first laser-equipped device to become truly common in consumers' homes, beginning in 1982, followed shortly by laser printers.

Some of the other applications include:

Medicine: Bloodless surgery, laser healing, surgical treatment, kidney stone treatment, eye treatment, dentistry
Industry: Cutting, welding, material heat treatment, marking parts
Defense: Marking targets, guiding munitions, missile defence, electro-optical countermeasures (EOCM), RADAR alternative
Research: Spectroscopy, laser ablation, Laser annealing, laser scattering, laser interferometry, LIDAR
Product development/commercial: laser printers, CDs, barcode scanners, thermometers, laser pointers, holograms
In 2004, excluding diode lasers, approximately 131,000 lasers were sold world-wide, with a value of US$2.19 billion.[21] In the same year, approximately 733 million diode lasers, valued at $3.20 billion, were sold.[22]

Examples by power
Different uses need lasers with different output powers. Lasers that produce a continuous beam or a series of short pulses can be compared on the basis of their average power. Lasers that produce pulses can also be characterized based on the peak power of each pulse. The peak power of a pulsed laser is many orders of magnitude greater than its average power. The average output power is always less than the power consumed.

The continuous or average power required for some uses:

5 mW – CD-ROM drive
5–10 mW – DVD player or DVD-ROM drive
100 mW – CD-RW drive
250 mW – High-speed CD-R burner [23]
500 mW – Consumer DVD-R burner [24]
1 W – green laser in current Holographic Versatile Disc prototype development
1–20 W – output of the majority of commercially available solid-state lasers used for micro machining
30–100 W – typical sealed CO2 surgical lasers [25]
100–3000 W (peak output 1.5 kW) – typical sealed CO2 lasers used in industrial laser cutting
1 kW – Output power expected to be achieved by a prototype 1 cm diode laser bar [26]
Examples of pulsed systems with high peak power:

700 TW (700×1012 W) – The National Ignition Facility is working on a system that, when complete, will contain a 192-beam, 1.8-megajoule laser system adjoining a 10-meter-diameter target chamber.[27] The system is expected to be completed in April of 2009.
1.3 PW (1.3×1015 W) – world's most powerful laser as of 1998, located at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory [28]

Hobby uses
In recent years, some hobbyists have taken interests in lasers. Lasers used by hobbyists are generally of class IIIa or IIIb, although some have made their own class IV types.[29] However, compared to other hobbyists, laser hobbyists are far less common, due to the cost and potential dangers involved. Due to the cost of lasers, some hobbyists use inexpensive means to obtain lasers, such as extracting diodes from DVD burners.[30]

Hobbyists also have been taking surplus pulsed lasers from retired military applications and modifying them for pulsed holography. Pulsed Ruby and Pulsed YAG lasers have been used.

Laser safety

Warning symbol for lasersMain articles: Laser safety and Lasers and aviation safety
Even the first laser was recognized as being potentially dangerous. Theodore Maiman characterized the first laser as having a power of one "Gillette"; as it could burn through one Gillette razor blade. Today, it is accepted that even low-power lasers with only a few milliwatts of output power can be hazardous to human eyesight.

At wavelengths which the cornea and the lens can focus well, the coherence and low divergence of laser light means that it can be focused by the eye into an extremely small spot on the retina, resulting in localized burning and permanent damage in seconds or even less time. Lasers are classified into safety classes numbered I (inherently safe) to IV (even scattered light can cause eye and/or skin damage). Laser products available for consumers, such as CD players and laser pointers are usually in class I, II, or III. Certain infrared lasers with wavelengths beyond about 1.4 micrometres are often referred to as being "eye-safe". This is because the intrinsic molecular vibrations of water molecules very strongly absorb light in this part of the spectrum, and thus a laser beam at these wavelengths is attenuated so completely as it passes through the eye's cornea that no light remains to be focused by the lens onto the retina. The label "eye-safe" can be misleading, however, as it only applies to relatively low power continuous wave beams and any high power or q-switched laser at these wavelengths can burn the cornea, causing severe eye damage.

'High Powered' geeen handheld 125milliwatt lasers (considered 'High Power' compared to a normal laser pointer) have recently been used in attacks on aircraft pilots landing at Australian airports. The risk is that if the laser hit the pilots eyes it could cause temporary blindness at a critical point in the flight. In 2007 penalties under the Australian Civil Aviation Act for shining laser beams at aircraft were increased to two years' jail and fines of up to $30,000.[citation needed]

Related terminology
In analogy with optical lasers, a device which produces any particles or electromagnetic radiation in a coherent state is also called a "laser", usually with indication of type of particle as prefix (for example, atom laser.) In most cases, "laser" refers to a source of coherent light or other electromagnetic radiation.

The back-formed verb lase means "to produce laser light" or "to apply laser light to".[31]

Fictional predictions
For lasers in fiction, see also the raygun.
Before stimulated emission was discovered, novelists used to describe machines that we can identify as "lasers".

The first fictional device similar to a military CO2 laser (see Heat-Ray) appears in the sci-fi novel The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells in 1898.
A laser-like device was described in Alexey Tolstoy's sci-fi novel The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin in 1927.
Mikhail Bulgakov exaggerated the biological effect (laser biostimulation) of intensive red light in his sci-fi novel Fatal Eggs (1925), without any reasonable description of the source of this red light. (In that novel, the red light first appears occasionally from the illuminating system of an advanced microscope; then the protagonist Prof. Persikov arranges the special set-up for generation of the red light.)

2006-10-18T06:57:00.000-07:00

Telecommunication skills

Speak slowly and clearly. When speaking on the phone, more time is needed to absorb what is being said than when speaking in person, so it's imperative that you slow down. Pronounce carefully, particularly when saying your name and the name of your company. When leaving a message, repeat both.
Speak with energy. Energy is not to be confused with volume. Energy is the vitality the voice needs to convey your interest in and enthusiasm for what you're saying. People are influenced by people they enjoy speaking with.
Smile with your voice. Set the tone on the phone with the first words you say. A pleasant voice will hold the prospect's interest while helping you avoid speaking in a monotone. Just thinking of a smile will automatically reflect in your voice, make it more appealing to listen to. Place a mirror before you and smile as though you're talking face to face with the person on the other end of the line.
Use body language. Physical activity puts energy and vitality into your voice. It can be as simple as hand gestures or a smile. If possible, stand and move around. If not, sit tall and use body language. Your voice will sound more interesting and will encourage people to be more receptive to your ideas or sales presentation.
Listen attentively. Listen more, talk less and, above all, don't interrupt. No one appreciates being interrupted. Regardless of how well you speak, you will only lose points for rudeness. Visualize the person you're speaking with to remind you that you're engaged in a two-way conversation. Let listening be your number one priority.
Stay focused. Ask questions that force you to concentrate on what is being said and indicates your interest in the customer's needs. Always allow the customer to complete his or her thought. You'll leave the customer with the impression that you're more interested in his/her needs than you are in making a sale.
Offer the option of holding. Before placing a prospect or customer on hold, ask if they would care to hold or would prefer to have you call back later.

Effective speaking skills can determine your success or failure with a customer. With time and careful practice, your voice can become your greatest asset.

Telephone Etiquettes & Skills:

Preparation
You can actually prepare to take a phone call!
A Strong Start
This step teaches you a four-part greeting that, if done right, will impress any caller.
Building Rapport
There are proven techniques you can use to build rapport with a caller.
Effective On-Hold Techniques
There's a right way and a wrong way to put a caller on hold.
Effective Call-Transferring
This step teaches two effective call transferring techniques - the guided transfer and the description transfer.
Speaking Clearly
Anyone who wants to succeed in business today should be able to enunciate and speak clearly.
Proper Tone of Voice
Learn how to treat each phone call as a separate "performance."
Positive Speech
There are certain words and phrases that can quickly turn a caller on or off.
Effective Listening
This step reviews 10 positive listening behaviors.
Practice the Golden Rule
When you're on the phone with a customer, you should treat the caller with the same dignity and respect you extend to the owner of your company.

Shailesh kavathiya

2006-09-20T04:42:00.000-07:00

Shailesh kavathiya
Email : shaileshkavathiya@yahoo.com